We're back with the "100 Days Of SwiftUI" posts! In today's post, we'll continue the Swift Essentials series, exploring protocols, extensions, and optionals. This will be the final installment on Swift Essentials. Let's get started.

What Is a Protocol?

To simplify things: protocols are like interfaces. I’m not sure why Apple changed the terminology, but there you have it. In the Apple world, you’ll see a lot of this, as much of iOS development is based on protocol-oriented programming (POP).

How to Create a Protocol

Creating a protocol is very simple. Just use the protocol keyword and choose a name. By convention, I’ve chosen to suffix it with Protocol. Thinking about it, I believe I’m influenced by some DotNet conventions, because put “Protocol” at the end is redundant. Anyway, let’s see:

protocol SearchProtocol {
    func search(text: String)
}

This code defines a protocol named SearchProtocol. This protocol requires conforming types to implement a search(text:) function, which would presumably perform some kind of search operation using the provided text as input. So, how do we use it?

How to Use a Protocol

Here’s how you could use this protocol:

struct YourStruct: SearchProtocol {
    func search(text: String) {
        print("Searching for: \(text)")
    }
}

YourStruct conforms to SearchProtocol and provides its own implementation for the search(text:) function. As mentioned earlier, it’s the same concept as interfaces.

This is very important in iOS, so let’s explore a slightly different example. Suppose we need to create a small component to represent some type of search UI element, like this:

import SwiftUI

struct SearchComponent: View {
    @State private var text: String = ""

    var body: some View {
        VStack(alignment: .leading) {
            Text("What are you looking for?")

            TextField("Type here", text: $text)
                .onChange(of: text) { oldValue, newValue in
                    print(newValue)
                }
        }
    }
}

Here we have a view with a TextField, and we’re monitoring changes using the onChange event and capturing the text typed inside it using the print function. It works. Now we can use it in a screen, like this:

import SwiftUI

struct SearchView: View {
    var body: some View {
        VStack {
            SearchComponent()
            Spacer()
        }
    }
}

The component is displayed correctly, but how can we get the value typed inside the TextField? We can use protocols and delegates. It’s very common in iOS to use this approach to achieve a decoupled implementation. Instead of the view knowing all the details about the component, we just make it conform to the SearchComponent protocol and use it. Let’s see how.

I’ve placed the protocol near the component, created an optional property on the component, and replaced the print function call with the protocol function call through the delegate.

import SwiftUI

protocol SearchProtocol {
    func search(text: String)
}

struct SearchComponent: View {
    // rest of the code

    var delegate: SearchProtocol?

    var body: some View {
        // rest of the code

        TextField("Type here", text: $text)
            .onChange(of: text) { oldValue, newValue in
                delegate?.search(text: newValue)
            }

        // rest of the code
    }
}

Now I can go back to the view, make it conform to the protocol, and pass the delegate parameter when creating the instance of the component.

import SwiftUI

struct SearchView: View, SearchProtocol {
    var body: some View {
        // rest of the code

        SearchComponent(delegate: self)

        // rest of the code
    }

    func search(text: String) {
        print(text)
    }
}

Now we can get the values typed in the component right here on the screen, maintaining low coupling between them.

This pattern is very common when working with UITableView on iOS. It uses protocols to keep the component easy to use and reusable.

Let’s continue by talking about extensions.

What Is an Extension?

Extensions are an easy way to add more functionality to your code. Extensions in Swift are very powerful because you can create them even for primitive types. Let’s explore this.

How to Create an Extension

In Swift, it’s very simple to create one. You just use the extension keyword followed by the type name you want to extend. The String type has a property called isEmpty, and sometimes we want to create an expression to validate if a string is not empty. We can do this in three ways:

1. Use yourStringVariable.isEmpty == false.
2. Use !yourStringVariable.isEmpty.
3. Create an extension, choosing one of the options above.

extension String {
    var isNotEmpty: Bool {
        return self.isEmpty == false
    }
}

Now you can use yourStringVariable.isNotEmpty. This is an extension property, but you can create extension functions too. It works the same way, even for primitive types, as you can see above.

What Is an Optional?

In Swift, optionals are a powerful safeguard against a notorious coding issue: the dreaded “unexpectedly found nil” error or something like this. But what are optionals, and why are they so important?

Imagine a variable as a container. A regular variable must always hold a value of its declared type. An optional, however, introduces the possibility of emptiness. It’s like a container that can either hold a value or be explicitly marked as empty, a state represented by the keyword nil.

This “nullability” is incredibly valuable. For instance, when fetching data from a server or a user’s device, there’s no guarantee the operation will always succeed. Optionals handle these scenarios elegantly.

Consider a function that tries to convert a string to an integer:

func convertToInt(from text: String) -> Int? {
    return Int(text)
}

The Int? return type signifies that this function might return an integer, or it might return nil if the conversion fails (for example, trying to convert “hello” to an integer). Let’s explore how to safely access an optional value.

if let

To safely access the potential value inside an optional, you use “unwrapping” mechanisms. One common way is using if let:

let userInput = "123"
if let number = convertToInt(from: userInput) {
    print("The number is \(number)")
} else {
    print("Invalid input")
}

Here, number is only assigned a value if convertToInt succeeds. Otherwise, the else block executes, preventing crashes from trying to use a non-existent value.

guard let

You can check for “nullability” in different ways. For instance, you can use guard let. This approach is better to use when you need to create an early return statement.

let userInput = "123"

func yourFunction() {
    guard let number = convertToInt(from: userInput) else {
        print("Invalid input")
        return 
    }

    print("The number is \(number)") 
}

yourFunction()

Nil Coalescing

Nil coalescing provides a concise and elegant way to handle optional values by providing a default value when an optional is nil.

Here’s a simple example:

let userInput = "hello"
let convertedValue = convertToInt(from: userInput)
print(convertedValue ?? "empty value")

As a result, the print function will display “empty value” because convertedValue is an optional without a value.

Optional Chaining

Optional chaining acts like a careful safeguard when you’re accessing data that might be missing in your Swift code. Imagine you’re following a treasure map with instructions like “Go to the old oak tree, then check under the loose rock, and you’ll find the prize!” But what if the tree is gone, the rock is missing, or the prize was already taken? In code, when we try to access something that doesn’t exist, we get a fatal error, but using optional chaining prevents this from happening. Let’s look at the previous example where I showed you about protocols:

import SwiftUI

protocol SearchProtocol {
    func search(text: String)
}

struct SearchComponent: View {
    // rest of the code

    var delegate: SearchProtocol?

    var body: some View {
        // rest of the code

        TextField("Type here", text: $text)
            .onChange(of: text) { oldValue, newValue in
                delegate?.search(text: newValue)
            }

        // rest of the code
    }
}

In the line delegate?.search(text: newValue), we’re accessing the search method of the delegate property, but it will only be called if the property actually contains a value.

Optionals, while initially appearing as an extra layer of complexity, are a fundamental safety net in Swift. They encourage you to think about and handle situations where data might be missing, leading to more robust and crash-resistant applications.

Wrap Up

As we reach the end of our exploration, it’s clear that protocols, extensions, and optionals form a powerful trio in the world of Swift programming.

Protocols, with their blueprint-like nature, empower you to define consistent behavior across different types, fostering code reusability and maintainability. They bring order to chaos, ensuring your code adheres to a common standard.

Extensions, like skilled artisans, add functionality and elegance to existing types without requiring access to their original blueprints. They enhance and extend, making your code more expressive and adaptable.

Optionals, the ever-vigilant guardians, equip you to handle the uncertainty of missing data. They gracefully guide your code through potential pitfalls, preventing crashes and fostering resilience in the face of the unknown.

Together, this dynamic trio empowers you to write safer, cleaner, and more flexible Swift code. Embrace their strengths, experiment with their possibilities, and watch as your code transforms into a masterpiece of clarity and robustness.

See you in the next post!